Conditions Should Be Met of Particles in Rotary Kiln

Although the axial dispersion model (ADM) used to describe the movement process of the material in the rotary kiln can get some useful results, particle trajectory model descriptions starting from the granular dynamics is closer to reality for the movement of the materials with strong granulation in the rotary kiln. The particle trajectory model geometry is evolved from the idea of the single particle trajectory geometry simplified analysis. After the development of many scholars, random PTM model is formed to predict the average residence time of the material, the axial diffusion constant and other methods. The principles of the random PTM numerical simulation are the followings. Introduce a certain number of tracer particles in steady-state operation at the inlet end of the rotary kiln and calculate the total residence time of each particle in the kiln. At last, statistically analyze the residence time distribution for all the particles to get an average residence time and the variance, which respectively reflects the axial transport of the material in the rotary kiln and axial diffusion.
You should assume that the movement of the bed particles in the kiln can meet the following conditions. First, the bed particles are the spherical particles with uniform size but without viscid rigid body. The bed surface is a planar. There is no unevenness caused by unevenness due to the movement of materials. Second, the movement of the bad particles in the rotary kiln is composed of n repeated cycles. Each cycle is composed of the tumble process of the materials in the active layer of the surface of the material bed and the particle circular motion in the inactive layer. Third, the thickness of the active layer is very thin. The mutual movement between the material particles occurs only in the surface of the material bed surface. There is no mutual movement of the particles in the non-active layer. The axial displacement of the material particles only occurs only on the surface of the material bed, which has nothing to do with the circular motion of the particles in the inactive layer. Forth, the air in the rotary kiln has no impact on the bed particles.
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Efficiency and Length of Screen Surface of Screen

The sieving equipment is widely used to make the bulk substance is divided into two or more levels of granularity. The vibrating screen is the most common screen equipment used in the mining industry. The development and the problems of the domestic large-scale screening equipment started from the 1970s. We have done a lot of work and made great achievements in terms of the development of large-scale screening machine. For the screening machinery, the length and width of the screen surface are two important structural parameters we should carefully consider. They are the first two problems encountered in the design and selection of the screening machine. According to the screening theory, the width of the screen surface is associated with the processing capability of the screening machine.  Under the same conditions, if the sieve surface is wide, the processing capacity will be great. The length of the sieve surface is associated with the screening efficiency. Under the same conditions, to appropriately lengthen the sieve surface can improve the screening efficiency. However, according to the mechanism of the probability sieving, with the lengthening of the sieve surface, the particle size whose diameter is greater than the separation particle diameter increases which makes the screening efficiency decrease. From the above analysis, we can know that the there is an optimal value for the screen surface to make the screening efficiency to be the highest.
Based on the probability statistics, we can establish the model, which can better reflect the through screen probability of the particles along the long direction of the sieve, which provides certain theoretical basis for the design of the probability screen. We can deduce the formula of the through screen probability for the particles along the sieve. However, the formula is too complex. In addition, the formula does not directly point out function relationship between the efficiency and the length of the sieve. It is extremely inconvenient in the industrial application.  The experts of Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery use the three-dimensional discrete element method to simulate the probability of screening process and establish the function relationship between the screening efficiency and the length of the screen surface, which is more convenient and simple.
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Ways to Improve Working Efficiency of Cone Crusher

At present, in domestic mining machinery industry, the spring short-head cone crusher can the hydraulic cone crusher are most widely used. These devices have been in use for decades. The technology is backward, which mainly displays in the following areas. First, the granularity of the crushed products is coarse, which is generally from 20 to 30 mm. Second, the main parameters of the crusher and the design of the crushing chamber are not reasonable. The utilization rate is low and the energy consumption and steel consumption is large. Third, the level of automation is low. There are no practical and reliable means for detection. The auxiliary equipment is old-fashioned.
The crushing machinery at abroad developed rapidly in these years. New types of machines have been brought. The ultra-crushing crusher introduced recently is particularly significant. The great characteristics of these crushers are small particle size, high processing capacity. The auxiliary equipment is advanced with high level of automation.
In recent years, many experts have taken measures to improve the cone crusher. For example, we can increase the length of the parallel area, narrow the discharging port and increase the revolutions of the eccentric bushings. Although these measures also achieved a certain effect, they are very restrictive. The measures are difficult to be promoted and applied. After deep study, the experts of Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery have put forward some effective measures to improve the cone crusher.
We can improve the design of the crushing cavity and   choose the main parameters for optimization. The shape of the crushing cavity plays very important role in production capacity, energy consumption, service life of liners and the particle and the shape of the finished products. Therefore, the technology of the crushing cavity is also called the technological core of the crushing machine. The main parameters, such as the eccentricity and the rotating speed of the eccentric sleeve are closely related to the shape of the crushing cavity.
The improvements of the crushing chamber mainly include the followings. First, you can shorten the parallel zone and increase the length of the crushing area in the parallel area. Second, change the straight line connection of the crushing surface of the fixed cone to the connection of straight line and the curve. Stagger the connecting point of the movable cone and the fixed cone to reduce the possibility of the block.
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Development of Nonmetallic Mineral Grinding Technology

The modern engineering technology will need more and more high-purity and ultra-fine powder. The ultrafine grinding technology will play increasingly important role in high-tech research and development. The high-tech industries are closely linked the non-metallic minerals. We should consider the development of high-tech industry in the future non-metallic mineral processing technology and industrial development. The modern non-metallic deep processing technology and traditional industries processing technology mutual infiltrated each other. In the development, you must consider the transformation of traditional industries and the progress. You must consider the comprehensive utilization in order to better apply the limited number of non-metallic mineral resources. At the same time, in the development and utilization of the deep process, we must also consider human survival and sustainable development and pay attention to environmental protection.
The general future trend of non-metallic mineral raw materials or materials is to develop the high-purity, ultra-fine and functional ultrafine grinding technology. We should comprehensively use the various non-metallic minerals based on the high-purity and ultrafine non-metallic mineral deep processing of raw materials. The chemical synthesis can be used in making high-purity and ultrafine powder, but it has not been widely used in the industrial production due to the high cost. The mechanical crushing method is still the main way to obtain the ultrafine powder. The ultrafine crushing technology and the grading technology depended by the mechanical method become more and more difficult. The studying depth is endless. The ultrafine grinding technology is the comprehension of the multifaceted technology. The development depends on the progress of the related technology, such as the processing of the hard and high-toughness wear-resistant components and the distribution test of the high-speed bearings and the submicron particle size. Therefore, the development of ultra-fine grinding technology should focuse on the following aspects.
First, we should develop the fine grading equipment and other corollary equipment. The closed-circuit technology combined with the ultra-fine grinding and classification equipment can improve the production efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Second, we should improve efficiency and reduce the energy consumption to continue to enhance and improve the ultrafine grinding equipment. We should design the classifier with advanced technology.
Third, the research and development of equipment and technology should be integrated.

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Development of Nonmetallic Mineral Grinding Technology

The modern engineering technology will need more and more high-purity and ultra-fine powder. The ultrafine grinding technology will play increasingly important role in high-tech research and development. The high-tech industries are closely linked the non-metallic minerals. We should consider the development of high-tech industry in the future non-metallic mineral processing technology and industrial development. The modern non-metallic deep processing technology and traditional industries processing technology mutual infiltrated each other. In the development, you must consider the transformation of traditional industries and the progress. You must consider the comprehensive utilization in order to better apply the limited number of non-metallic mineral resources. At the same time, in the development and utilization of the deep process, we must also consider human survival and sustainable development and pay attention to environmental protection.
The general future trend of non-metallic mineral raw materials or materials is to develop the high-purity, ultra-fine and functional ultrafine grinding technology. We should comprehensively use the various non-metallic minerals based on the high-purity and ultrafine non-metallic mineral deep processing of raw materials. The chemical synthesis can be used in making high-purity and ultrafine powder, but it has not been widely used in the industrial production due to the high cost. The mechanical crushing method is still the main way to obtain the ultrafine powder. The ultrafine crushing technology and the grading technology depended by the mechanical method become more and more difficult. The studying depth is endless. The ultrafine grinding technology is the comprehension of the multifaceted technology. The development depends on the progress of the related technology, such as the processing of the hard and high-toughness wear-resistant components and the distribution test of the high-speed bearings and the submicron particle size. Therefore, the development of ultra-fine grinding technology should focuse on the following aspects.
First, we should develop the fine grading equipment and other corollary equipment. The closed-circuit technology combined with the ultra-fine grinding and classification equipment can improve the production efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Second, we should improve efficiency and reduce the energy consumption to continue to enhance and improve the ultrafine grinding equipment. We should design the classifier with advanced technology.
Third, the research and development of equipment and technology should be integrated.

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The Device and the Rotor of Impact Crusher Device

The role of the impact device is to withstand the impact of the materials knocked out by the plate hammer and rebound the materials crushed by the impact device to the hammering area for further crushing to ensure the reasonable and normal operation of the whole impact process to get the required particle size finally. Therefore, the type and the shape design of the impact device not only has an impact on the effective volume of the crushing chamber, but also directly affects the crushing efficiency of the impact crusher. By observing the surface shape of the impact plate of the impact crusher at home and abroad, we find that the impact plate can be divided into the polyline and round solitary type. The impact plate can be divided into the two kinds of impact surface, namely the forward type and backward type.
The first is the involute linear impact surface. In theory, all the reasonable impact surfaces should be the in the involute shape to ensure that the materials knocked out from the plate hammer can vertically crash the impact surface to get the best crushing effect. Since the manufacturing of the involute impact surface is very hard and the material blocks crash and disturb each other in the crushing cavity so that the flight path has been irregular. As a result, the involute impact plate has lost the practical significance to a considerable extent. Therefore, in the design process and manufacturing process of the impact crusher, we often use the fold-line impact surface which approximates the involute to replace the involute. However, in the design process, we should note that the ore blocks should move forward the discharging area to reduce the useless power consumption of the material blocks in the crushing cavity, which is called the forward impact surfaces.
The second is the circular arc-shaped impact surface. The circular are-shaped impact surface has the following characteristics. The material blocks which get the impact energy from the plate hammer fly on the impact surface and they are rebounded by the impact plate. Then the material blocks will focus at the center point of the counter surface. In this way, the material blocks with different weight, shape and flight speed generate strong impact near the center.

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Wireless Temperature Monitoring System of Rotary Kiln

There are a lot of reasons to lead to the damage of the riding wheel of the rotary kiln. If the problems are not handled in a timely manner, the serious consequences will be caused. There is some practical experience summarized by the experts of Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery in the following paragraphs.
First, the plastic blocks purchased each time are produced by different manufacturers, but the situation is basically the same. The breakage of parts and the time are the same, which fully shows that the quality is not the reasons for the damage of the plastic blocks.
Second, the speed changes of the rotary kiln are too frequent so that the load withstood by the plastic blocks also changes frequently. As a result, the shearing force will increase or decrease. When the rotary kiln starts or stops, this kind of change is especially obvious.
Third, from the coupling assembly of the plastic blocks, we can know the followings. In the rotation of the rubber blocks, the parts which contact the rubber block and produce the extrusion are the convex claw on the movable half coupling and the groove on the fixed half coupling recess.
In the actual use, you should prepare the specialized tools to process the temperature rising problems of the rotary kiln. The tools should be placed separately. Sometimes, the temperature rising appear suddenly. If we miss the best time to deal with the temperature rising problems, very serious consequences will appear. 
Thermostats wind plays a different role in the different stages of the firing process. Therefore, the control is very complex. However, the thermostat wind affects the kiln atmosphere and the uniformity of the kiln temperature. As a result, it can be said thermostat air control is very important part in the rotary kiln control. In the concrete realization of the process, we should bypass the function variability of the thermostat itself. In the whole firing process of the rotary produced by Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery achieves the completely automatic wireless control and the control effect is good.
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Development Direction of Dupry Process of Rotary Kiln

Roughly speaking, the dupry process of the rotary kiln has got great development in the past five years. The development of the dupry process of the rotary kiln has changed the situation of low working efficiency and high production cost. The dupry process of the rotary kiln has been in the industry on a firm pace, which is capable of producing hundreds of tons of industrial production. According to the situation based on the past few years, you can see the following characteristics.
First, the dupry process of the rotary kiln is developing towards large scale. Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery has put into the large rotary whose diameter is 6 meters and length is 70 meters with a chain grate of 250 meters. The annual output is 350,000 tons. After that, another plant put the large rotary kiln whose diameter is 60 meters and length is 125 meters into operation. The annual production capacity has reached 400,000 tons. The design capacity has reached 83%.
Second, due to the needs of the dust for the large steel plant, the rotary kiln is successfully used in the pre-reduction of the blast furnace, which has become the auxiliary means of production of the blast furnace.
Third, the rotary kiln law continues to be improved. After years of research, Henan Hongxing Mining Machinery has designed a new generation of rotary kiln which can be used by the combination of the gaseous reducing agent and the solid liquid gas reducing agent.
Forth, the rotary kiln used for processing the titanomagnetite has been designed. The waste gas from the rotary kiln is introduced to the air through the back combustor for full fully burn so that the iron and the ash with large particles can sink. The gas after burn is cooled by the cooling tower with the high-pressure water spray to 285 ° C. When the production reached 83%, the design capacity and exhausting fan capacity has reached saturation. At present, the experts are studying the ways to reduce the consumption. The purpose of the automatic control of the kiln is to study the control system of the kiln to ensure that the automatic control is easy to be achieved.
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Structure and Working Principle of Spiral Classifier

The spiral classifier is composed by the transmission, spiral, sink, feed mouth, water drain valve, elevator mechanism, fluctuation bearing seat and other main components. The transmission drives the rotation of the hollow shaft by the motor through V-belt pulleys, reducers, the open gear or basin-shaped gear. There are bracket, leaves and lining iron installed on the hollow, which form a spiral with a lead angle. The hollow axis is made of the whole seamless steel tube. When the helix diameter is more than 1500mm, the hollow shaft can be made of the steel plate roll whose mechanical property is not lower than 16Mn. The two ends of the spiral are respectively supported on the upper part and the lower part of the bearing seat. There is liner iron made of wear-resisting iron edged at the outer edge of the spiral. It is easy to replace the lining iron after it is worn. The sink is the steel plate and steel welded structure and the thickness of the steel plate is 4mm to 8mm. The groove bottom is in semicircle which can match with the outer diameter of the spiral. There is feed inlet on the side of the spiral. There is discharging opening at the bottom of the upper end of the tank.
Since the water drain valve is closed, the level segment of the spiral classifier will form a slurry pool. In terms of the lifting mechanism of the spiral classifier, the small grading machine uses the manually screw wheel to lift spiral through the wire rope. The large spiral classifier uses the motor to drive the lifting mechanism of the screw rod. In the emergency stop or maintenance, you can operate the lifting mechanism to make the lower end of the spiral rise. The spiral classifier does not allow the heavy-duty start. The lower support base is linked through the flange and the hollow shaft. Since the lower support seat long is immersed in the slurry, there must be good seal apparatus and lubrication conditions. The supporting bearing can be divided into rolling bearing and plain bearing. The former uses the mechanical seal device, while the latter uses the pressure water sealing device.
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Types of the Construction Stone Production Line

The highway projects often use the massive stone production line, which is generally processed by the mining natural rocks. Sometime, the natural pebbles are used. The stone production line should select the hard rock whose calcarea is uniform and not easily weathered without cracks. For the rocks with anisotropy and cleavage, we should correctly grasp the anisotropy and the cleavage, which is very important for massive stone production line in the mining, processing and use of the highway projects. The stones with inordinance can be directly obtained through blasting. The size from a direction is generally 30cm to 40cm, in which the thickness of the medium part should not less than 15cm. The volume should not be less than 0.01m3 and the weight should be more than about 30kg.
The rubble is commonly used in the masonry of the subgrade slope, retaining walls, bridge slope protection and other projects. The ultimate compressive strength of the rubble used for the subject of the masonry work should not be less than 30MPa. The ultimate compressive strength used for subsidiary masonry works should not be less than 20MPa. The rubble is obtained by blasting the layered rock or relying on the manual mining, which is commonly used in masonry bridge foundation. The dimension stone is in square shape without sharp corners. There are two large parallel surfaces and the corners need no processing. The thickness is small than 20CM and the width is 1.5 to 2 times of the thickness. The length is 1.5 to 3 times of the thickness. The dimension stone is obtained by roughly trimming the neat stone. The shape is substantially a squarer and the thickness is not less than 20mm. The conical stone is often used for paving the road pavement of the grassroots. The rock whose ultimate compressive strength is not less than 30MPa is generally used.
The aggregate production line can be divided into coarse gravel, fine gravel and the stone chips. The particle size of the aggregates in the stone production line is generally in the range of 5mm to 100mm. The highway engineering has different specifications with gravel according to different uses.
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Design and Calculation of Flywheel of Jaw Crusher

The reinforcing rib is set in the position to withstand bending stress to meet the strength and stiffness requirements of the rack of the jaw crusher, which causes the complex structure of the jaw crusher. Since the rack force is relatively poor, the design is usually based on the size of the structure section which is approximately to the rack of the jaw breaker to approximately check its strength. The overall rack can be regarded as a static framework. The crushing force is acted on the front wall of the rack, while the acting force of the thrust plate is acted on the back wall. The supporting force is acted on the bearings of the two side walls. In order to simplify the calculation, we will not take the reaction forces on the sidewall into account and cancel the acting force acting on the thrust plate on the back wall of the rack. The force acting on the front and back wall is regarded as the concentrated force. According to the role, the force of the former and the posterior wall is calculated out.
The structure of the jaw crusher is symmetrical, so the load is symmetrical. According to this feature, cut the mechanism along the axis, the symmetric force of the point of symmetry is equal based on the role of symmetric load of the symmetrical bodies. The antisymmetric force is equal to zero. Due to the intermittent work of the jaw crusher, it is bound to cause changes in the resistance so that the load on the motor is uneven to cause the mechanical rate fluctuations. In order to reduce the nominal motor power and make the mechanical rate not fluctuate too much, the flywheel is installed on the eccentric shaft. The flywheels can store the energy in air travel and release energy in the working stroke, so you can make the motor load even.
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Calculation of Crushing Force of Spring Impact Crusher

The most significant structural characteristic of the spring impact crusher is that the upper frame and lower frame are connected together with a spring group. The spring group has certain primary pressure. The resultant force of the primary pressure can overcome the crushing force in the normal crushing state to maintain the connection between the supporting ring and the lower rack. However, when the non-broken materials fall into the crushing chamber, the crushing force will dramatically increase. The resultant force of the primary pressure of the spring group is not enough to balance the crushing force which has increased. As a result, the support ring together with the adjustment ring and fixed cone liner are slightly raised by the non-broken materials. In fact, the spring group produces additional compression by turning one point to some angle around the flange of the rack until the discharging port which clips the non-broken materials increases to make the non-broken materials slide out of the crushing cavity. Then the supporting ring makes the fixed cone come back to the original position by the spring to continuously be crushed in the normal discharging port. Therefore, we can relatively correctively calculate out the normal crushing force and the maximum crushing force of the impact crusher according to the pressure data of the spring group which has been proved in the production practice.
For the 1750 and 2200 impact crusher, we can take the minimum value. For the impact breaker with other specifications, we can take the maximum value. When the non-broken materials fall into the crushing chamber, the fixed cone is raised so that the various groups of spring of the crusher can produce different additional compression deformation. It is very obvious when the fixed cone and the movable cone suffers from the maximum crushing force. The additional deformation of the spring is related to the size of the non-broken materials and the position of the materials in the crushing cavity.  If the size of the non-broken materials is equal to (0.85 ~ 0.95) ( e + s ), the non-broken materials with this size generally can not be stuck in the crushing chamber. If the size of the non-broken materials increases, they will be stuck in the crushing chamber and will not be discharged. The electrical system of the crusher will make the motor stop running. At this time, we should use other ways to calculate the crushing force of the moving cone and the fixed cone.  
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Introduction to the Role of Jaw Plate of Jaw Crusher

The front wall of the rack is fixed on the fixed crushing plate through the countersunk bolts. Most of them are placed vertically. The moving jaw of the jaw crusher is placed with a tilt angle of 15 ° to 25 °. On the surface of the moving jaw, the moving jaw plate is also installed by the countersunk bolts. The jaw plates have a lot of advantages. First, it can be used as the wearing parts for replacement to protect the jaw body and the rack from being worn. Second, the jaw plate can impose force on the materials so that the materials can be crushed. Since the jaw plate directly contact with the materials, the jaw plate is usually made of the high manganese steel with 12% to 14% manganese. The jaw plate of the small jaw breaker can be made of the white cast iron.
The shape of the surface of the jaw plate is often casted to the wave shape and the triangle. It becomes the longitudinal groove so that the materials can be discharged after they are crushed along the longitudinal groove. In the installation process, the teeth peak of the jaw plate of movable jaw is just aligned with the tooth valley of the fixed jaw, which not only can impose the extruding impact on the materials, but also have the splitting and bending effect to enhance its crushing effect. The jaw teeth peak angle of the jaw plate is generally 900 to 1200 and the ratio of tooth height and tooth pitch is 1/2 to 1/3.
The attrition of various parts of the jaw plate is uniform. Usually, the attrition of the lower part of the jaw plate is fast and the attrition of the fixed jaw plate is faster than the attrition of the movable jaw plate. In order to extend the service life of the jaw plate, the jaw plate is often made into vertically symmetrical shape so that the lower part of the worn jaw plate can be inverted for reuse. The movable jaw plate, fixed jaw plate and the side backplate compose the crushing cavity.
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